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Servo & Motion

What Are PID and Closed-Loop Control?

The role of the three terms of PID (Proportional-Integral-Derivative), the basis of industrial control, and tuning logic.

5 min readUpdated: 2026-07-05

In closed-loop control the output is measured and compared with the setpoint; the resulting error is corrected. The most common algorithm is PID.

P (Proportional)
Response proportional to error (speed)
I (Integral)
Eliminates steady-state error
D (Derivative)
Damps overshoot
Excessive P/D gain causes oscillation; insufficient I causes steady-state offset. In servos/drives, auto-tuning resolves most cases.

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